DevOps

Git

Git

GIT: 分布式版本控制系统。

SVN: subversion并发式版本控制系统。

Mercurial: hg分布式版本控制。

和git相关的产品：

  1. github
  2. bitbucket
  3. sourceForge
  4. gitlab

Git安装：

$ sudo apt-get install git
$ yum install git

git config (Git配置)

https://git-scm.com/book/zh/v2

git配置文件：

  1. /etc/gitconfig 系统级的配置文件，通过git config –system设置
  2. ~/.gitconfig 用户级的配置文件，通过git config –global设置
  3. .git/config 仓库级的配置文件，通过git config –local设置

git配置：

使用git config –global命令配置,或者直接修改~/.gitconfig文件。

# 查看帮助
git help config
man git-config
git config --help
git config -l/--list # 查看所有配置
git config --system
git config --global
git config --local
git config --global user.name "your_name"
git config --global user.email "your_email"
git config --global core.editor vim

多配置文件：

在~/.gitconfig添加include可以调用其它配置文件

[include]
    path = ~/myCode/pydeveloper/etc/git/gitcofig

git remote (git 协议)

https://git-scm.com/book/zh/v2/%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84-Git-%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE

git有四个协议：

  1. 本地协议file

     file:///path/to/project.git

  2. SSH协议

    拷贝ssh的公钥后不需要输入用户名和密码

     ssh://git@github.com/<username>/<project>.git
 git@github.com:<username>/<project>.git

  3. http协议

    默认需要手动输入远程仓库的用户名和密码

     https://github.com/<username>/<project>.git
 # 不用手动输入密码
 https://<username>:<password>@github.com/<username>/<project>.git

    设置http代理：

     git config --global http.proxy "http://<server>:<port>"
 git config --global http.proxy "https://<username>:<password>@<proxy>:<port>"
 git config --global https.proxy "https://<server>:<PORT>"
 # In gitconfig file
 [http]
     proxy = http://<server>:<port>

  4. Git协议

     git://git@github.com/<username>/<project>.git

    设置git代理：

     git config --global core.gitproxy ...

设置git协议：

如果公司的22端口被封，不能SSH到外网，用set-url将协议改成http即可。

如果使用代理，配置http.proxy即可。

# 查看帮助
git remote --help
git help remote
man git-remote
git remote -v # 查看远程仓库的详细信息
git remote add [-t <branch>] [-m <master>] [-f] [--[no-]tags] [--mirror=<fetch|push>] <name> <url>
git remote add origin <url> # 给远程仓库origin添加url, 一个仓库可以添加多个url。
git remote rename <oldname> <newname> # 重命名远程仓库
git remote remove/rm <name> # 删除和远程仓库相关的所有信息
git remote set-head
git remote set-branches
git remote [-v | --verbose] show [-n] <name>...
git remote -v show origin # 查看远程仓库origin详细信息
git remote prune
git remote update
git remote set-url [--push] <name> <newurl> [<oldurl>]
git remote set-url origin <newurl> # 修改远程仓库origin的url
git remote set-url --add [--push] <name> <newurl>
git remote set-url --delete [--push] <name> <url>

projcet/.gitignore

忽略文件

https://github.com/github/gitignore

project/.gitattributes

github显示编程语言

* linguist-language=Python

https://github.com/github/linguist

git相关项目

GUI

Linux：

git-gui gitk

http://repo.or.cz/w/git-gui.git/

sudo apt-get install gitk

windows:

https://git-scm.com/downloads/guis

git-for-windows

windows的git

https://github.com/git-for-windows/git

post-git

powershell的git

https://github.com/dahlbyk/posh-git

git-extras

GIT utilities – repo summary, repl, changelog population, author commit percentages and more

https://github.com/tj/git-extras

$sudo apt-get install git-extras

git-sweep

A command-line tool that helps you clean up Git branches that have been merged into master.

https://github.com/arc90/git-sweep

$sudo -E pip install git-sweep
$cd git-repo
$git-sweep preview # 查看哪些远程的branch已经merge到master.
$git-sweep cleanup # 删除远程已经merge到master的branch.
$git-sweep cleanup --skip integration, sandbox

git-imerge

https://github.com/mhagger/git-imerge

git-standup

Recall what you did on the last working day. Psst! or be nosy and find what someone else in your team did ;

https://github.com/kamranahmedse/git-standup

$npm install -g git-standup

git-lfs

git的大文件管理

https://github.com/git-lfs/git-lfs

Gerrit

Gerrit is a code review and project management tool for Git based projects.

https://github.com/gerrit-review/gerrit

搭建私有git服务器

$sudo groupadd git
$sudo adduser git -g git
$ cd /home/git
$ mkdir src
$ git init --bare src
$ sudo chown -R git:git src

gitolite

https://github.com/sitaramc/gitolite

gitosis

https://github.com/res0nat0r/gitosis

Git命令

git的结构：

  1. working directory(工作目录),通过git init初始化

  2. staging area(暂存区),通过git add添加index到暂存区

  3. repository(仓库),通过git commit提交到repository

     git help <verb>
 git <verb> --help
 man git-<verb>

 git help -a
 git help -g

archive

download one file from git server(github/gitlab/gerrit)

git archive --remote=ssh://user@gerrit.domain.com:port/group/project.git HEAD:path/to file | tar -x

init

Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one

git init # 创建一个空repository

add

Add file contents to the index

git add .  # 不包括删除的文件
git add -u # 不包括新建的文件
git add -A # 添加working tree下的所有文件到index

commit

Record changes to the repository

git commit -m "[1.0.0.0]init repository."
git commit --amend

bisect

Find by binary search the change that introduced a bug

branch

List, create, or delete branches

git branch [branch-name]
git branch -d [branch-name] # 删除已经merge到master的分支
git branch -D [branch-name] # 强制删除分支
git branch -m [old-name] [new-name] # 重命名
git branch -M [old-name] [new-name] # 强制重命名
git branch -vv   # 查看上游
git branch --unset-upstream [branch] # 取消上游
git branch -u <origin/branch> [branch] # 设置上游

blame

Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file

git blame filename # 查看文件的历史记录

checkout

Checkout a branch or paths to the working tree

git checkout [branch-name]
git checkout -b [branch-name] [start-point] # 创建并切换到分支
git checkout -B [branch-name] [start-point] # 强制执行
git checkout -- file/path # 撤销工作目录中文件的修改
git checkout [branch-name] -- file/path # 获取远程仓库的文件到当前工作目录

clone

Clone a repository into a new directory

git clone [url]

diff

Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc

git diff # 查看工作目录变化
git diff --staged # 查看暂存区变化

fetch

Download objects and refs from another repository

git fetch
git fetch -p

grep

Print lines matching a pattern reinitialize an existing one

git grep [<pathspec>...]

log

Show commit logs

git log # 显示commit的log
git log --pretty=format:'%h' -n 1 // 查看commit id.

merge

merge的5中策略:

  • resolve
  • recursive
  • octopus
  • ours
  • subtree

Join two or more development histories together

git merge [branch-name]
git merge --ff # fast-forward,默认直接两个分支合并，不会产生新的commit,看不到开发分支的分叉．
git merge --ff-only
git merge --no-ff # no fast-forward,每次合并会创建新的commit.可以看到开发分支的分叉
git merge --squash

mv

Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink

git mv [old] [new] # 重命名暂存区文件

pull

Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch

git pull

push

Update remote refs along with associated objects

git config --global push.default simple

git push origin --delete <branch>
git push origin :<branch>

git push origin --tags -f # push所有tag
git push origin [tagname] # push单个tag
git push origin --delete tag [tagname]
git push origin :refs/tags/[tagname]

rebase

Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head

git rebase -i [commit] # 修改提交的信息
pick 
reword
edit
squash
fixup 
exec
drop
label
reset
merge
git rebase --continue
git rebase --abort
git rebase --skip
git rebase --edit-todo

reset

Reset current HEAD to the specified state

// 硬重置, 之后的commit和 修改的文件都没了
git reset --hard [commit] # 全部回退

// 软重置, 之后commit没了，修改的文件还在
git reset --soft [commit]

git reset --mixed [commit]

git reset --merge [commit]

git reset --keep [commit]

rm

Remove files from the working tree and from the index

git rm <file> # 删除工作目录和暂存区的文件
git rm --cached <file> # 不删除工作目录的文件,　只删除暂存区.
git rm -r --cached <file>

revert

Revert some existing commits

git revert [commit] # 撤销一次merge

reflog

Manage reflog information

// 查看所有执行过的动作的日志
git reflog show 

git reflog expire

git reflog delete

show

Show various types of objects

git show

status

Show the working tree status tag Create, list, delete or verify a

git status
git status -s # 显示状态的简介信息, 默认是--long

// 查看gitignore忽略了哪些文件。
git status --ignored

stash

Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away

git stash # 暂存当前工作目录
git stash list # 查看暂存列表
git stash show [stash]
git stash pop --index stash@{N} # 恢复暂存区N和工作目录
git stash apply --index stash@{N} # 同上

tag

Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG

git tag -l # 查看所有本地tag
git tag -d v1.0.0 # 删除本地tag
git tag -a v1.0.0 -m "release 1.0.0." -f

submodule

Initialize, update or inspect submodules

会在项目产生.gitmodules文件，而且不被.gitignore忽略，所以不要在URL添加用户名和密码．

添加子模块：

// push只会push创建的子模块空目录和.gitmodules文件.
git submodule add <repository> [<path>]

克隆子模块：

// git clone 只会clone空目录
git submodule init
git submodule update 
// 或者
git clone --recurse-submodules <sub-URL>
// 或者
git clone <URL>
git submodule update --init
// 或者
git submodule update --init --recursive

mergetool

Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts.

git mergetool --tool=meld

Best Prictise

merge远程tag

git checkout -b influxdata-1.5.2 master
git pull https://github.com/influxdata/influxdb.git v1.5.2

gitignore忽略文件和目录

path/to/file
path/
# 如果已经push：
git rm -r --cached path/to/file
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