Linux Admin

dpkg: ubuntu, debian.

rpm: fedora, centos, redhat.

zypper: suse.

Linux系统常用的安装和配置

terminalizer

终端录制工具

https://github.com/faressoft/terminalizer

virtualbox

开机自动挂载共享文件夹

# 手动挂在命令, 需要安装增强功能
$ mount -t vboxsf FolderNameOnWindows /path/on/linux

# 实现开机自动挂载
$ sudo vim /etc/rc.local
mount.vboxsf -w ShareFolderNameOnWindows MountPointOnLinux

xrdp

从windows的RDP远程连接linux.

use RDP on windows to connect to ubuntu16.04.

sudo dpkg -i tigervncserver_1.6...deb # download and install tigervncserver first.
sudo apt-get install -f
sudo apt-get instal xrdp -y
echo unity > ~/.xsession

use RDP on windows to connect to ubuntu14.04.

sudo apt-get install xrdp
sudo apt-get install xfce4
echo xfce4-session > ~/.xsession
sudo vim /etc/xrdp/startwm.sh
# add 'startxfce4' to last line.
sudo service xrdp restart

清理内存的buff/cache

echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
# reboot才能改回默认的0

终端现实超大艺术字

$ sudo apt-get install figlet
$ figlet <text>

Ubuntu/Debian安装后的基本配置

sudo apt-get install build-essential make libssl-dev

apt mirror

vim /etc/apt/sources.list
# deb http://ip:port/path   ubuntu16/
# deb [trusted=yes] https://<user>:<pw>@ip:port/path   ubuntu16/
deb [trusted=yes] https://user:pw@mirror.com/mirror ubuntu16/

vim /etc/apt/apt.conf
Acquire::https::mirror.com::Verify-Peer "false";
Acqhire::https::mirror.com::Verify-Host "false";

中文输入法

安装一个中文输入法框架fcitx(IBus, SCIM, UIM)：

$ sudo apt-get install fcitx

安装一种输入法引擎：

sudo apt-get install fcitx-googlepinyin
sudo apt-get install fcitx-sunpinyin
sudo apt-get install fcitx-libpinyin
sudo apt-get install fcitx-sougoupinyin
sudo apt-get install fcitx-cloudpinyin

配置程序：

kcm-fcitx - for qt - <https://github.com/fcitx/kcm-fcitx>
fcitx-configtool - for gtk - <https://github.com/fcitx/fcitx-configtool>

在键盘输入方式系统从ibus改为fcitx，然后重启。

dconf修改配置

也可以通过系统自带的dconf命令修改．

$ sudo apt-get install dconf-editor

gedit打开txt文件乱码

# org->gnome->gedit->preferences->encodings->auto-detected 添加'GB2312','GBK',...

开启远程桌面无密码登陆

$ dconf write /org/gnome/desktop/remote-access/require-encryption false
or
# org->gnome->desktop->remote-access->require-encryption false

挂载U盘失败

移动硬盘或者u盘不能挂载，删掉/etc/fstab的关于sdb的行，保存后重新插拔。

创建桌面图标（比如eclipse）

cd /usr/share/applications
sudo vi XXX.desktop

添加必要属性后拖到桌面或启动栏即可。

安装QQ

sudo apt-get install libgtk2.0-0:i386
sudo apt-get install lib32ncurses5
sudo apt-get install -f
sudo dpkg -i fonts-wqy-microhei_0.2.0-beta-2_all.deb
sudo dpkg -i ttf-wqy-microhei_0.2.0-beta-2_all.deb
sudo dpkg -i wine-qqintl_0.1.3-2_i386.deb

安装文档的包

手册位于/usr/share/man

sudo apt-get install glibc-doc manpages-dev manpages-posix-dev manpages-zh

记录终端操作

安装相关工具:

$sudo apt-get install ttyrec
$sudo apt-get install imagemagick
$hg clone https://bitbucket.org/antocuni/tty2gif

开始记录:

$ttyrec

在终端播放记录文件ttyrecord:

$ttyplay ttyrecord

将ttyrecord文件转化成gif文件:

$tty2gif.py typing ttyrecord

将多个gif文件合并成一个文件:

$convert -limit memory 2mb -limit map 2mb -delay 2 -loop 0 *.gif example.gif

添加用户为管理员

$ vim /etc/sudoers
user     ALL = (ALL:ALL) ALL

Ubuntu网络设置

查看dns：

$ systemd-resolve --status

ubuntu修改hostname:

$ sudo vim /etc/hostname
new-hostname
$ sudo vim /etc/hosts
ip-address hostname
$ sudo reboot

设置系统代理:

$ vim /etc/profile.d/sys_proxy.sh
http_proxy="http://proxy-server:port"
https_proxy="http://proxy-server:port"
ftp_proxy="http://proxy-server:port"
no_proxy=localhost,127.0.0.1,...
export http_proxy ftp_proxy https_proxy no_proxy

设置静态IP:

$ ifconfig
# 查看网卡，ubuntu14.04 eth0, ubuntu16.04 ens160
$ vim /etc/network/interfaces
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
    address 192.168.0.1
    netmask 255.255.255.0
    gateway 192.168.0.0
    dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8
$ sudo service networking restart

ubuntu18:

netplan:
$ sudo vim /etc/netplan/*.yaml

network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    ens160:
      dhcp4: no
      addresses: [192.168.1.0/23]
      gateway4: 193.168.0.1
      nameservers:
        addresses: [8.8.8.8]

$ sudo netplan apply

ubuntu vlan

vlan需要内核模块8021q

$ echo "8021q" >> /etc/modules

auto vlan1023
iface vlan1023 inet static
    address 18.28.4.123
    netmask 255.255.255.0
    gateway 18.28.4.1
    vlan-raw-device eth0

创建vlan

// 创建vlan(eth0.10), attach到interface(eth0)
auto eth0.10
iface eth0.10 inet manual
    vlan-raw-device eth0

ubuntu bridge

# 需要绑定到interface才需要配置interface.
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet manual

auto br0
iface br0 inet dhcp
# For static configuration delete or comment out the above line and uncomment the following:
# iface br0 inet static
#  address 192.168.1.10
#  netmask 255.255.255.0
#  gateway 192.168.1.1
#  dns-nameservers 192.168.1.5
#  dns-search example.com
bridge_ports eth0
# 不绑定到interface就是none
# bridge_ports none 
bridge_stp off
bridge_fd 0
bridge_maxwait 0

创建bridge

// 创建bridge，attach到vlan.
auto br0
iface br0 inet static
    address 172.16.0.4
    netmask 255.255.240.0
    bridge_ports eth0.10
    bridge_stp off
    bridge_fd 0
    bridge_vlan_aware yes

E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

method1:

$ sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/dpkg/info/package
$ sudo mv /var/lib/dpkg/info/package.* /var/lib/dpkg/info/package

method2:

$ sudo apt-get purge package
$ sudo apt-get install package

ubuntu安装配置python3.7

ubuntu16.04自带python3.5, ubuntu18.04自带python3.6.

测试: ubuntu16.04/18.04安装python3.7

$ sudo apt-get install software-properties-common
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install python3.7 python3.7-gdbm python3.7-dev

$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python3 python3 /usr/bin/python3.7 1
$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.7  1
$ sudo update-alternatives --config python
$ sudo update-alternatives --config python3

$ sudo apt-get purge python-pip python3-pip
$ sudo rm -rf /usr/bin/pip* /usr/local/bin/pip* /usr/lib/python3*/dist-packages/pip /usr/local/lib/python3.*/dist-packages/pip

$ sudo apt-get install python3-pip
$ sudo pip3 install -U pip

// ubuntu16.04通过apt-get安装的c-binding包默认还是到python3.5.
// ubuntu18.04 是到python3.6.
#!/usr/bin/env bash
for PKG in `find /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages -name "*.so"`
do
    DIR=`dirname ${PKG}`
    OLD=`basename ${PKG}`
    NEW=`echo ${OLD} | sed 's/35m/37m/g'`
    cp -f ${PKG} ${DIR}/${NEW}
done

Centos/Fedora/Redhat安装后的基本配置

$ sudo yum -y install epel-release kernel-devel gcc gcc-c++

Centos网络配置

安装mini版本之后配置网络：

$ vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enxxx
ONBOOT=no -> yes
# service network restart
$ sudo yum install net-tools
$ ifconfig

设置静态IP:

$ vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enxxx
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=static # dhcp(自动获取), static(固定IP), node(手动设置)
PREFIX="21"
IPADDR="192.168.0.1"
NETMASK="255.255.255.0"
GATEWAY="192.168.0.0"
DNS1="192.168.0.0"
$ sudo nmcli c reload

设置可以同时访问外网和本地连接的方法：

# 网卡１用于外网连接
# settings -> network -> network card1 -> NAT
$ cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-en01
BOOTPROTO=dhcp # 自动获取ip
ONBOOT=yes
UUID # 通过$ nmcli con show 命令查看
HWADDR # 通过 $ ip addr 命令查看, 这个可以不设置

# 网卡２用于本地局域网
setting -> network-> network card2 -> host-only
# cp /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-en01 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-en02
$ vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-en02
NAME
DEVICE
BOOTPROTO=static
ONBOOT=yes
UUID
HWADDR
IPADDR=192.168.56.102

$ sudo service network restart

修改hostname,局域网可以根据hostname相互访问：

$ sudo vim /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=new-hostname

$ sudo vim /etc/hostname
new-hostname
$ sudo vim /etc/hosts
ip-address hostname

$ sudo reboot

centos安装增强功能

$ sudo mkdir -p /media/cdrom
$ sudo mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom
$ cd /media/cdrom
$ sudo ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run --nox11